Combinational effect of mutational bias and translational selection for translation efficiency in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. Micro-Tom

• MB and translational selection was observed in Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom.
• We suggest a combined methodology of predicting optimal codons.
• Genes related to stress and CdCl2 were found be under translational selection.

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of codon usage bias (CUB) based on the available non-redundant full-length cDNA (nrFLcDNA) and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) data of cultivar Micro-Tom and evaluated the associations of observed CUB and measurements of transcriptional and translational effectiveness. The analysis presented in our study suggests a correlation, which is negative but highly correlated between Axis 1 and GC3s (r = − 0.827, P < 0.01), indicating that mutational bias has a significant and dominant repressive role to the choices of GC3. We also observed a strong positive correlation between codon adaptation index (CAI) and translational adaptation index (tAIg) (0.407, P < 0.01), which demonstrates the facilitation of efficient translation by the optimal codon usage patterns of the highly expressed genes. We believe that the complete set of optimal codon usage patterns detected in this study will serve as a model to enhance the transgenesis in the studied cultivar of Solanum lycopersicum.