Thirty Years of Multiple Sequence Codes

An overview is presented on the status of studies on multiple codes in genetic sequences. Indirectly, the existence of multiple codes is recognized in the form of several rediscoveries of Second Genetic Code that is different each time. A due credit is given to earlier seminal work related to the codes often neglected in literature. The latest developments in the field of chromatin code are discussed, as well as perspectives of single-base resolution studies of nucleosome positioning, including rotational setting of DNA on the surface of the histone octamers.