Divergence and genotyping of human α-herpesviruses: An overview

Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that are highly disseminated among animals. Of the eight herpesviruses identified in humans, three are classified into the α-herpesvirus subfamily: herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), which are typically associated with mucocutaneous lesions, and varicella–zoster virus (VZV), which is the cause of chicken pox and herpes zoster. All three viruses establish lifelong infections and may also induce more severe symptoms, such as neurological manifestations and fatal neonatal infections. Despite thorough investigation of the genetic variability among circulating strains of each virus in recent decades, little is known about possible associations between the genetic setups of the viruses and clinical manifestations in human hosts. This review focuses mainly on evolutionary studies of and genotyping strategies for these three human α-herpesviruses, emphasizing the ambiguities induced by a high frequency of circulating recombinant strains. It also aims to shed light on the challenges of establishing a uniform genotyping strategy for all three viruses.