Overly simplistic substitution models obscure green plant phylogeny

• Plant phylogeny is incompletely resolved.
• Molecular evolution often violates phylogenetic model assumptions.
• Improved phylogenetic models are being developed.
• Data are quickly becoming unlimited for phylogenetic analysis.

Phylogenetic analysis is an increasingly common and valuable component of plant science. Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships between plant groups is a prerequisite for understanding the origin and evolution of important plant features, and phylogenetic analysis of individual genes and gene families provides fundamental insights into how those genes and their functions evolved. However, despite an active research community exploring and improving phylogenetic methods, the analytical methods commonly used, and the phylogenetic results they produce, are accorded far more confidence than they warrant. In this opinion article, I emphasise that important parts of the green plant phylogeny are inconsistently resolved and I argue that the lack of consistency arises due to inadequate modelling of changes in the substitution process.