Megaphylls, microphylls and the evolution of leaf development

Originally coined to emphasize morphological differences, ‘microphyll’ and ‘megaphyll’ became synonymous with the idea that vascular plant leaves are not homologous. Although it is now accepted that leaves evolved independently in several euphyllophyte lineages, ‘megaphyll’ has grown to reflect another type of homology, that of euphyllophyte leaf precursor structures. However, evidence from the fossil record and developmental pathways fails to indicate homology and suggests homoplasy of precursor structures. Thus, as I discuss here, ‘megaphyll’ should be abandoned because it perpetuates an unsupported idea of homology, leading to misconceptions that pervade plant biology thinking and can bias hypothesis and inference in developmental and phylogenetic studies. Alternative definitions are needed that are based on development and phylogeny for different independently evolved leaf types.