Geotechnical measurements at Izmir LRT system tunnels

The geotechnical monitoring played an important role in guiding the tunneling applications during the construction of IZMIR LRTS (Light Rapid Transit System) 1st stage. The purpose of this paper is to review the deformation measurements and results gathered during the construction of LRTS 1st stage tunnels.The New Austrian Tunneling concept (NATM) was used for the construction of Ucyol–Konak conventional tunnels of the system. The EPBM (Earth Pressure Balance Method) concept used in the construction of Konak–Basmane precast segmental tunnels. Both tunneling concepts required monitoring of deformations during construction as well as for a period after its completion.