The Role of Connective Tissue and Extracellular Matrix Signaling in Controlling Muscle Development, Function, and Response to Mechanical Forces

Continued improvements in orthodontic therapy are likely to rely heavily on our further understanding of masticatory muscle biology. Specifically, the ability of the jaw musculature to adapt to changes in load gives strong implications as to its capability in responding to treatment. The dynamic and adaptive nature of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is of critical importance in the correct functioning of all skeletal muscle and can have a dramatic impact on the homeostasis of the tissue. Misregulation or mutation in ECM structures or proteins can therefore lead to a variety of clinical conditions in both the craniofacial and noncraniofacial musculature. A complete comprehension of ECM signaling and its role in correct skeletal muscle function will form a vital part of this improved knowledge base. This review covers recent research into ECM signaling and functions, as well as the possible implications such work has for the future of orthodontic therapy.