Innate receptors and microbes in induction of autoimmunity

Cells of the adaptive immune system (T and B cells) causing autoimmunity require activation signals that are normally provided by the innate immune system. Innate signaling receptors are obvious candidates for participation in the induction of autoimmunity, and the nature of these receptors suggests that microbes could be the triggers. Recent publications describing the development of autoimmunity in sterile conditions and in animals deficient in innate signaling question the requirement of these receptors for initiation of autoimmunity. In addition, the role of the non-pathogenic (commensal) microbiota as a regulator of autoimmunity has come into the spotlight. In this review we discuss recent reports that deal with the link between innate signaling receptors and ‘adaptive’ autoimmunity.