Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) differentially regulates Foxp3+ regulatory and IL-17+ pathogenic T cell in autoimmune arthritis

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), which is the antioxidant derived from grape seeds, has been reported to possess a variety of potent properties. We have previously shown that GSPE attenuates collagen-induced arthritis. However the mechanism by which GSPE regulates the immune response remains unclear, although it may involve effects on the regulation of pathogenic T cells in autoimmune arthritis. To clarify this issue, we have assessed the effects of GSPE on differential regulation of Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells subsets in vitro in mouse and human CD4+ T cells. We observed that GSPE decreased the frequency of IL-17+CD4+Th17 cells and increased induction of CD4+CD25+forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)+ Treg cells. In vivo, GSPE effectively attenuated clinical symptoms of established collagen-induced arthritis in mice with concomitant suppression of IL-17 production and enhancement of Foxp3 expression (type II collagen-reactive Treg cells) in CD4+ T cells of joints and splenocytes. The presence of GSPE decreased the levels of IL-21, IL-22, IL-26 and IL-17 production by human CD4+ T cells in a STAT3-dependent manner. In contrast, GSPE induces Foxp3+ Treg cells in humans. Our results suggest that GSPE possesses a reciprocal control over IL-17 and Foxp3. By potently regulating inflammatory T cell differentiation, GSPE may serve as a possible novel therapeutic agent for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.

Research highlights▶ Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), which is the antioxidant derived from grape seeds. ▶ GSPE decreased the frequency of IL-17/Th17 cells. ▶ GSPE increased the frequency of Foxp3/Treg cells. ▶ GSPE differentially regulate Th17 and Treg cell subsets in mice and human system.