The role of tryptophan metabolism in iNOS transcription and nitric oxide production by chicken macrophage cells upon treatment with interferon gamma

The influence of de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) through the kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan (TRP) degradation on gene transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production in chicken interferon gamma (ChIFN-γ)-stimulated and non-stimulated chicken macrophage cell line HD11 was investigated. Interferon gamma up regulation of iNOS transcription and NO production was dependent on an undisturbed flow through the KYN pathway. Inhibition of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of TRP catabolism, by 1-methyl-l-tryptophan (1-mTRP) down regulated both iNOS gene transcription and NO production. Addition of KYN to 1-mTRP-treated, ChIFN-γ-stimulated macrophages circumvented the down regulation of iNOS transcription and NO production. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme involved in DNA repair, replication and transcription, which cleaves NAD into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose, down regulated iNOS gene transcription and NO production in ChIFN-γ-stimulated HD11 cells. Our results suggest that prevention of NAD depletion in HD11 cells by ChIFN-γ-mediated induction of IDO facilitates iNOS transcription and NO production. This effect is most likely a result of PARP1 automodification in the presence of NAD, known to facilitate transcription by changing chromatin structure and to allow NFκB binding to iNOS promoter which is hindered by direct protein–protein interaction between NFκB and unmodified PARP1.