Exogenous VIP limits zymosan-induced generalized inflammation (ZIGI) in mice

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was administered in a model of zymosan-induced generalized inflammation (ZIGI). Its beneficial action was associated with reduced TNF-α and increased IL-10 production, lowered levels of creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin in circulation. VIP diminished the level of RANTES and MIP-1α in peritoneal exudate and circulation. The neuropeptide inhibited NO release from stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Decreased spleen, liver and kidney enlargement and less pathological changes in liver were observed. The effect of VIP was attenuated by pretreatment with VIP antagonist (anti-VIP) before the induction of shock.