Biology and genetics of human head and body lice

Head lice and body lice have distinct ecologies and differ slightly in morphology and biology, questioning their taxonomic status. Over the past 10 years many genetic studies have been undertaken. Controversial data suggest that not only body lice but also head lice can serve as vectors of Bartonella quintana, and a better understanding of louse epidemiology is crucial. Here, we review taxonomic studies based on biology and genetics, including genomic data on lice, lice endosymbionts, and louse-transmitted bacteria. We recommend that studies of human lice employ morphological and biological characteristics in conjunction with transcriptomic date because lice seem to differ mainly in gene expression (and not in gene content), leading to different phenotypes.

► Head and body lice taxonomy has long been studied based on morphology and biology
► These past 10 years, lice taxonomy has been studied based on genetics
► We review differences between human head and body lice
► We include genomic data on lice, lice endosymbiont, and lice infesting bacteria
► Lice differ mainly in gene expression leading to different phenotypes.