Delayed response assessment with FDG-PET-CT following (chemo)radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

AimsTo analyse the diagnostic accuracy of delayed response assessment 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) following (chemo)radiation for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Material and methodsForty-four consecutive patients who underwent a baseline and response assessment using FDG PET-CT for HNSCC following (chemo)radiation between August 2008 and April 2011 were identified retrospectively. Clinicopathological findings and serial clinical follow-up provided the reference standard.ResultsMedian follow-up was 14 months (range 5–43 months). Response assessment FDG PET-CT was performed at 16.8 weeks (inter-quartile range 15.8–18.6 weeks). Thirty-one out of 44 (70%) response assessment examinations showed a complete metabolic response. Seven out of 40 (18%) assessable primary tumours were positive. Eight out of 41 (20%) patients with pre-treatment nodal disease had equivocal or positive FDG uptake at response assessment. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for primary disease and nodal disease were 100, 89, 43, 100, and 100%, and 92, 63, and 100%, respectively. Seven patients had residual FDG-negative soft tissue detectable on the unenhanced CT component of the response assessment images; all remained disease free after clinical observation. Distant metastases were detected on response assessment FDG PET-CT in four out of the 44 patients (10%).ConclusionThe diagnostic accuracy of response assessment with FDG PET-CT performed at approximately 16 weeks post-(chemo)radiotherapy is good. The very high NPV of a complete metabolic response can be used to guide management decisions. Although the PPV is limited for local residual disease, FDG PET-CT is a powerful screening tool for the detection of interim metastatic disease.