Advantages of magnification in digital phase-contrast mammography using a practical X-ray tube

Phase-contrast imaging with a practical cone-beam X-ray tube has been realized for clinical use in digital mammography using computed radiography (CR). To perform phase-contrast imaging, the X-ray detector must be distanced from an object so that the phase-contrast image achieves magnification; in a mammography unit dedicated to phase-contrast imaging, the magnification ratio is 1.75. When using an X-ray tube with a 0.1-mm focal spot, it appears that the penumbra in magnification blurs both projected images and the phase contrast, which generates an edge effect. However, where the sampling pitch of the CR plate is 43.75 μm, the blur stretches the width of the phase contrast so that unit pixels in the detector can capture it. Note that the width of an ideal phase contrast using an X-ray point source results in a phase contrast too narrow for detection with CR. In addition to phase contrast improving image quality, a re-scaling effect increases image sharpness in magnification. Further, image noise induced by magnification can be reduced during printing to photothermographic dry film by demagnifying the digital output image to the original image size. After demagnification by 1/1.75 from 43.75 μm in image acquisition, a 25-μm pixel size of the output image is obtained so that the spatial resolution matches that of conventional screen-film mammography. In this paper, such technical advantages of magnification in digital phase-contrast mammography are reviewed, and the image quality of phase-contrast images is discussed in light of diagnostic requirements in detecting breast cancer.