Complex Retrieval of Fractured, Embedded, and Penetrating Inferior Vena Cava Filters: A Prospective Study with Histologic and Electron Microscopic Analysis

The risk of filter fracture increases after 408 days (ie,>1 y) of implantation and is associated with symptomatic extravascular penetration and/or intravascular embolization. Complex methods can be used to safely remove these devices, alleviate filter-related morbidity, and allow cessation of anticoagulation.