Increased Expression of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α in Venous Stenosis of Arteriovenous Polytetrafluoroethylene Grafts in a Chronic Renal Insufficiency Porcine Model

A more clinically relevant porcine model of hemodialysis graft failure was created, and there was significantly increased expression of HIF-1α by day 7 at the VGA.