Opportunistic, human-pathogenic species in the Herpotrichiellaceae are phenotypically similar to saprobic or phytopathogenic species in the Venturiaceae

Although morphologically similar, species of Cladophialophora (Herpotrichiellaceae) were shown to be phylogenetically distinct from Pseudocladosporium (Venturiaceae), which was revealed to be synonymous with the older genus, Fusicladium. Other than being associated with human disorders, species of Cladophialophora were found to also be phytopathogenic, or to occur as saprobes on organic material, or in water, fruit juices, or sports drinks, along with species of Exophiala. Caproventuria and Metacoleroa were confirmed to be synonyms of Venturia, which has Fusicladium (= Pseudocladosporium) anamorphs. Apiosporina, based on A. collinsii, clustered basal to the Venturia clade, and appears to represent a further synonym. Several species with a pseudocladosporium-like morphology in vitro represent a sister clade to the Venturia clade, and are unrelated to Polyscytalum. These taxa are newly described in Fusicladium, which is morphologically close to Anungitea, a heterogeneous genus with unknown phylogenetic affinity. In contrast to the Herpotrichiellaceae, which were shown to produce numerous synanamorphs in culture, species of the Venturiaceae were morphologically and phylogenetically more uniform. Several new species and new combinations were introduced in Cladophialophora, Cyphellophora (Herpotrichiellaceae), Exophiala, Fusicladium, Venturia (Venturiaceae), and Cylindrosympodium (incertae sedis).Taxonomic novelties:Cladophialophora australiensis Crous& A.D. Hocking, sp. nov., Cladophialophora chaetospira (Grove) Crous & Arzanlou, comb. nov., Cladophialophora hostae Crous, U. Braun & H.D. Shin, sp. nov., Cladophialophora humicola Crous& U. Braun, sp. nov., Cladophialophora potulentorum Crous & A.D. Hocking, sp. nov., Cladophialophora scillae (Deighton) Crous, U. Braun & K. Schub., comb. nov., Cladophialophora sylvestris Crous& de Hoog, sp. nov., Cylindrosympodium lauri Crous & R.F. Castañeda, sp. nov., Cyphellophora hylomeconis Crous, de Hoog& H.D. Shin, sp. nov., Exophiala eucalyptorum Crous, sp. nov., Fusicladium africanum Crous, sp. nov., Fusicladium amoenum (R.F. Castañeda & Dugan) Crous, K. Schub. & U. Braun, comb. nov., Fusicladium brevicatenatum (U. Braun & Feiler) Crous, U. Braun & K. Schub., comb. nov., Fusicladium fagi Crous & de Hoog, sp. nov., Fusicladium intermedium (Crous & W.B. Kendr.) Crous, comb. nov., Fusicladium matsushimae (U. Braun & C.F. Hill) Crous, U. Braun & K. Schub., comb. nov., Fusicladium pini Crous& de Hoog, sp. nov., Fusicladium ramoconidii Crous & de Hoog, sp. nov., Fusicladium rhodense Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov., Venturia hystrioides (Dugan, R.G. Roberts & Hanlin) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov.