Spatial analysis of human health risk associated with ingesting manganese in Huangxing Town, Middle China

This paper spatially analyzed human health risk associated with ingesting manganese (Mn) contents in groundwater and vegetables irrigated with contaminated pond water in Huangxing Town, Middle China. The combination of monitoring data and sequential indicator simulation (SIS) was used to determine Mn exposure distributions in pond water and groundwater. Hazard quotient (HQ) associated with ingesting Mn was calculated to evaluate the risk to human health. Many HQs determined from risks exceed 1 in the region, indicating that the use of groundwater and pond water poses potential risk to human health. Lower risk areas are located in the northwest and partly southeast of the region. The probabilistic risk assessment formulated suitable references for pollution remedy and control in Huangxing Town. Safe areas in 75th percentile of HQ map are suggested to be safe for use and, the manganese residues in the unsafe areas of the 25th percentile of HQ map is to be treated firstly.