Temporal variability in particle-associated pesticide exposure in a temporarily open estuary, Western Cape, South Africa

This study assesses the risk of current-use pesticides in a temporarily open estuary in South Africa by developing probabilistic risk estimates. Particle-associated pesticides (chlorpyrifos, prothiofos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, endosulfan and p,p-DDE) and physicochemical parameters (salinity, temperature, flow, and total organic content (TOC)) were measured in the Lourens River estuary (Western Cape) twice a month over a period of two years and equilibrium partitioning theory was applied to calculate concentrations of pesticides in the water. The 90th percentile concentrations of pesticides associated to suspended particles and the calculated concentrations in water were 34.0 μg kg−1 and 0.15 μg l−1 for prothiofos, 19.6 μg kg−1 and 0.45 μg l−1 for chlorpyrifos and 18.6 μg kg−1 and 0.16 μg l−1 for endosulfan. Highest average concentrations were found around the summer season due to higher application rates and as a result of the low flow during this season.Species sensitivity distribution indicated a 1.5–2.8 times higher toxicity (hazardous concentration HC5) for marine organisms compared to freshwater organisms. The calculated concentrations in the water exceeded all threshold values suggested by international water guidelines. Chlorpyrifos and endosulfan posed the highest acute risk to the Lourens River estuary. No sufficient toxicity data and threshold values were found for prothiofos.