Deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions associated with fuelwood consumption of the brick making industry in Sudan

The study focuses on the role of the fired clay brick making industry (BMI) on deforestation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Sudan. The BMI is based on numerous kilns that use biomass fuel, mainly wood which is largely harvested unsustainably. This results in potential deforestation and land degradation. Fuelwood consumption data was collected using interviews and questionnaires from 25 BMI enterprises in three administrative regions, namely Khartoum, Kassala and Gezira. Annual fuelwood consumption data (t dm yr− 1) was converted into harvested biomass (m3) using a wood density value of 0.65 t dm m− 3. For annual GHG estimations, the methodological approach outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was used. According to our results, the annual deforestation associated with the BMI for the whole of Sudan is 508.4 × 103 m3 of wood biomass, including 267.6 × 103 m3 round wood and 240.8 × 103 m3 branches and small trees. Total GHG emissions from the Sudanese BMI are estimated at 378 028 t CO2, 15 554 t CO, 1778 t CH4, 442 t NOX, 288 t NO and 12 t N2O per annum. The combined CO2-equivalent (global warming potential for 100-year time horizon) of the GHG emissions (excluding NOX and NO) is 455 666 t yr− 1. While these emissions form only a small part of Sudan's total GHG emissions, the associated deforestation and land degradation is of concern and effort should be made for greater use of sustainable forest resources and management.