Fluctuations, responses and energetics of molecular motors

A novel equality relating the rate of energy dissipation to a degree of violation of the fluctuation–response relation (FRR) in non-equilibrium Langevin systems is described. The FRR is a relation between the correlation function of the fluctuations and the response function of macroscopic variables. Although it has been established that the FRR holds in equilibrium, physical significance of violation of the FRR in non-equilibrium systems has been under debate. Recently, the authors have found that an extent of the FRR violation is related in a simple equality to the rate of energy dissipation into the environment in non-equilibrium Langevin systems. In this paper, we fully explain the FRR, the FRR violation, and the new equality with regard to a Langevin model termed a Brownian motor model, which is considered as a simple model of a biological molecular motor. Furthermore, applications of our result to experimental studies of molecular motors are discussed, and, as an illustration, we predict the value of a new time constant regarding the motion of a KIF1A, which is a kind of single-headed kinesin.