Recent developments in lanthanide-to-quantum dot FRET using time-gated fluorescence detection and photon upconversion

- Principles of lanthanide to quantum dot FRET for bioanalysis.
- Spectroscopic/molecular FRET rulers for quantum dot morphology analysis.
- Multiplexed FRET immunoassays for clinical diagnostics.
- Mutiplexed FRET DNA and microRNA detection using terbium complexes and upconversion nanoparticles.
- Terbium-to-quantum dot FRET and terbium-to-quantum dot-to-dye FRET relays for intra- and extracellular biosensing.