Role of subcellular calcium redistribution in regulating apoptosis and autophagy in cadmium-exposed primary rat proximal tubular cells

Cd activated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) to cause the decreased endoplasmic reticulum Ca2 + concentration ([Ca2 +]ER) and elevated cytosolic Ca2 + concentration ([Ca2 +]c), while changes of [Ca2 +]ER and [Ca2 +]c could regulate autophagy and apoptosis. Moreover, Cd-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production resulted in autophagy inhibition, which promoted apoptosis.116