Pd nanoparticles encaged in nanoporous interpenetrating polymer networks: A robust recyclable catalyst for Heck reactions

A novel type of Heck reaction catalyst composed of hydrophilic interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles was prepared by simultaneous crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylamide. The mesh sizes of the IPNs are one order of magnitude smaller than the average sizes of the uniformly dispersed Pd nanoparticles, which functions well to stabilize Pd nanoparticles and prevent aggregation. The Pd particles in the IPNs can catalyze Heck coupling reactions with high activities and be recycled over 20 times, providing more sustainability than any other polymer-stabilized Pd catalyst reported in the literature. The confined reactions inside the IPN nanopores in neat water may provide a green route for C-C coupling reactions.