Heavy metal adsorption from industrial wastewater by PAMAM/TiO2 nanohybrid: Preparation, characterization and adsorption studies

This study investigates the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater using TiO2 nanoparticles modified with poly-amidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM, G4). The metal ions Cu2 +, Pb2 +, and Cd2 + were selected as model pollutants. FTIR, SEM, BET surface area and Zeta potential measurements, and Dispersion Observing methods have been employed for characterizing the synthetic nanohybrid and these techniques indicated that the PAMAM loaded on to TiO2 have been favorably synthesized. The effects of several parameters including initial metal ion concentration, temperature, pH solution, the nanohybrid dosage and contact time were studied. The experimental data were analyzed using equilibrium isotherm and kinetics models. The adsorption process was studied using isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics models. The analysis shows that the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics are appropriate models for the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters illustrate that the absorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The findings suggest that the nanohybrid is a good super absorbent for the removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents.