Lightness, chroma and hue differences on visual shade matching

ObjectivesTo analyze the influence of lightness, chroma and hue differences on visual shade matching performed by dental students.Methods100 dental students (DS) volunteers with normal vision participated in the study. A spectroradiometer (SP) was used to measure the spectral reflectance of 4 extracted human upper central incisors (UCI 1-4) and shade tabs from Vita Classical (VC) and Vita Toothguide 3D-Master (3D) shade guides. Measurements were performed over a gray background, inside a viewing booth and under D65 illuminant (diffuse/0° geometry). Color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C* and h°) were calculated. DS used VC and 3D to visually select the best shade match for each UCI. CIE metric differences (Δa*,Δb*,ΔL′, ΔC′ and ΔH′) and CIEDE2000(2:1:1) lightness (ΔEL), chroma (ΔEC) and hue (ΔEH) differences were obtained from each UCI and the first three shades selected by DS and the first option using CIELAB, CIEDE2000(1:1:1) and CIEDE2000(2:1:1) color difference metrics. The closest CIELAB color-discrimination ellipsoid (from RIT-DuPont visual color-difference data) to each UCI was selected for the analysis of visual shade matching.ResultsDS showed a preference for shades with lower chroma (ΔC′ and ΔEC) and/or hue (ΔH′ and ΔEH) values instead of shades with lower lightness values (ΔL′ and ΔEL). Most best visual matches were near the tolerance ellipsoid centered on tooth shade.SignificanceThis study is an attempt to partially explain the inconsistencies between visual and instrumental shade matching and the limitations of shade guides. Visual shade matching was driven by color differences with lower chroma and hue values.