Rapid supersonic spraying of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 nanoparticles to fabricate a solar cell with 5.49% conversion efficiency

We demonstrated that the supersonic spray technique is extremely versatile and scalable for fabricating thin film solar cells. Computational simulations are also included to elucidate the deposition mechanism of the nanoparticles impacting at supersonic speed; the comparison between the experiment and simulation were consistent and they were in good phenomenological agreement. To this end, the proposed supersonic spraying could help to fulfill the translational potential of CIGS films by bringing them from the laboratory into real-world applications.223