Accuracy of Fluoroscopic and Electrocardiographic Criteria for Pacemaker Lead Implantation by Comparison with Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Fluoroscopic and ECG criteria are only moderately accurate in discriminating between RV apical, mid septal, mid free wall, and RVOT pacing sites. These data suggest that both fluoroscopy and electrocardiography may not be adequate techniques for the correct documentation of RV pacing lead position for routine clinical practice or research purposes.