Mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways involved in microcystin-LR-induced apoptosis of the testes of male frog (Rana nigromaculata) in vivo

- MCLR can induce apoptosis on testes of Rana nigromaculata.
- 1 μg/L MCLR (the drinking water standard level) has ecological risks on frogs.
- MCLR induces frog testes apoptosis via oxidative stress.
- MCLR-induced apoptosis on frog testes is associated with mitochondrial pathway.
- Endoplasmic reticulum pathway is involved in MCLR-induced apoptosis on frog testes.