Indoxyl sulfate upregulates renal expression of ICAM-1 via production of ROS and activation of NF-κB and p53 in proximal tubular cells

Indoxyl sulfate upregulated renal expression of ICAM-1 through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, and activation of NF-κB and p53 in proximal tubular cells. Further, administration of indoxyl sulfate promoted ICAM-1 expression in rat kidneys. Thus, accumulation of indoxyl sulfate in chronic kidney disease might be involved in the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial injury through induction of ICAM-1 in the kidney.