Glutathione peroxidase-1 gene (GPX1) variants, oxidative stress and risk of kidney complications in people with type 1 diabetes

Background and AimGlutathione peroxidase (GPX) is a class of antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water. GPX1 is the most abundant isoform and is expressed in all kidney cells. Isoprostane and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were identified as markers of oxidative stress in patients with kidney disease. We investigated associations of GPX1 genotypes with kidney complications, and with plasma concentrations of isoprostane and AOPP in type 1 diabetic patients.MethodsFour SNPs in the GPX1 gene region were genotyped in SURGENE (n = 340; 10-year follow-up); GENEDIAB (n = 461) and GENESIS (n = 584) cohorts of type 1 diabetic patients. Subsets of GENEDIAB (n = 237) and GENESIS (n = 466) participants were followed up for 9 and 5 years, respectively. Plasma concentrations of isoprostane and AOPP were measured at baseline in GENEDIAB. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated for incidence of kidney complications.ResultsIn SURGENE, 98 renal events (new cases of microalbuminuria or progression to more severe stage of diabetic nephropathy) occurred during follow-up. The minor T-allele of rs3448 was associated with the incidence of renal events (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.16-2.84, p = 0.008). In GENESIS/GENEDIAB pooled study, end stage renal disease (ESRD) occurred during follow-up in 52 individuals. The same variant was associated with the incidence of ESRD (HR 3.34, 95% CI, 1.69-6.98, p = 0.0004). The variant was also associated with higher plasma isoprostane concentration in GENEDIAB cohort: 2.02 ± 0.12 (TT + CT) vs 1.75 ± 0.13 (CC) ng/mL (p = 0.009), and with higher plasma AOPP in the subset of participants with the baseline history of ESRD (TT + CT 67 ± 6 vs CC 48 ± 6 μmol/L, p = 0.006).ConclusionsThe minor T-allele of rs3448 was associated with kidney complications (incidences of microalbuminuria, renal events and ESRD) in patients with type 1 diabetes. The risk allele was associated with higher plasma concentrations of isoprostane and AOPP. Our results are consistent with the implication of GPX1 in the mechanism of renal protection against oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic patients.