Effects of pH, ionic strength and humic acid on the removal of TiO2 nanoparticles from aqueous phase by coagulation

- Iron-based coagulants (PFS and FeCl3) are effective to remove TiO2 nanoparticles.
- Water chemistry influences TiO2 nanoparticles removal.
- The effective pH range for PFS is broader than for FeCl3.
- Humic acid stabilizes TiO2 nanoparticles and reduces removal by steric hindrance.