Changes in total cell numbers of the basal ganglia in patients with multiple system atrophy - A stereological study

Total numbers of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia in the basal ganglia and red nucleus were estimated in brains from 11 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and 11 age- and gender-matched control subjects with unbiased stereological methods. Compared to the control subjects, the MSA patients had a substantially lower number of neurons in the substantia nigra (p = 0.001), putamen (p = 0.001), and globus pallidus (p < 0.001), and, to a lesser extent in the caudate nucleus (p = 0.03). A significantly lower number of oligodendrocytes were only observed in the putamen (p = 0.04) and globus pallidus (p = 0.01). In the MSA brains the total number of astrocytes was significantly higher in the putamen (p = 0.04) and caudate nucleus (p = 0.01). In all examined regions a higher number of microglia were found in the MSA brains with the greatest difference observed in the otherwise unaffected red nucleus (p = 0.001). The results from the stereological study were supported by cell marker expression analyses showing increased markers for activated microglia. Our results suggest that microgliosis is a consistent and severe neuropathological feature of MSA, whereas no widespread and substantial loss of oligodendrocytes was observed. We have demonstrated significant neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, striatum, and globus pallidus of patients with MSA, while neurons in other basal ganglia nuclei were spared, supporting the region-specific patterns of neuropathological changes in MSA.