JNK2 and JNK3 are major regulators of axonal injury-induced retinal ganglion cell death

► JNK signaling is activated in retinal ganglion cell axons soon after axonal injury. ► Specific JNK isoforms, JNK2 and JNK3, are activated in the axon. ► Inhibition of JNK2 and 3 significantly delays death after axonal injury. ► JUN is the downstream effector of JNK activation.