Adjuvants for human vaccines

► Formulations of adjuvants can have different properties than individual adjuvants. ► Beneficial adjuvant formulations can be made with alum, oil emulsions, and liposomes. ► Effectiveness, safety, stability, and cost are important features of formulations. ► Nonhuman primates are often more predictive than rodents for human adjuvant effects. ► Numerous adjuvants, materials, devices, and strategies are useful for skin immunization.