Microvesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells: Potent organelles for induction of tolerogenic signaling

► Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) were found to be potent mediators to shed peripheral tolerance towards EAE mice auto-reactive T cells via bearing of tolerogenic molecules. ► Additionally, inducing inflammatory setting on MSCs, revealed the enhancing regulatory effects of MVs via increased expression of some regulatory molecules, specifically PD-L1 and TGF-β. ► Induction of tolerogenic signaling, promotion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells generation and apoptotic activity towards activated T cells are shown to be main possible mechanisms involved in MVs-mediated regulation.