Improved treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) by using combination of ketoconazole, miltefosine with an immunomodulator-Picroliv

► Combination of ketoconazole and miltefosine with immunomodulator, picroliv against VL. ► Combination of dugs showed enhanced antileishmanial efficacy in comparison to individual drug. ► Ketoconazole + miltefosine showed significant rise in phagocytosis index and production of ROS H2O2 and NO. ► Picroliv is inactive but helps in up regulation of cellular proliferative response. ► Picroliv in combination with ketoconazole + miltefosine appears to be a good strategy for treatment.