The acute toxicity of fipronil to two non-target invertebrates associated with mosquito breeding sites in Australia

▶ Fipronil is highly toxic to Simocephalus elizabethae and Polypedilum nubiferum. ▶ Lower toxicity in fed Polypedilum bioassays is not due to reduced bioavailability. ▶ Food deprivation stress may account for higher susceptibility in unfed bioassays. ▶ Fipronil is likely to disrupt aquatic ecosystems if used as a mosquito larvicide.