Catestatin and orexin-A neuronal signals alter feeding habits in relation to hibernating states

Hibernation is a physiological state that by putting vital biological processes at rest enables mammals to protect all organs, especially the brain against ischemic insults and reperfusion injuries. Earlier studies have highlighted the role of hypothalamic (HTH) sites like the periventricular nucleus (Pe) toward sleep-wake and cardiovascular activities of hibernators. In the present work, infusions of Pe with the orexigenic neuropeptide orexin-A (ORX-A) or the novel anti-obesity sympathoinhibitory neuroactive peptide catestatin (CST) have been correlated to differing feeding and motor behaviors in the facultative hibernating hamster Mesocricetus auratus. Behavioral observations showed that treatment with CST provided an anti-obesity activity via the reduction of food intake and body weight for all hibernating states, while ORX-A promoted orexigenic events during mainly the entrance phase. Moreover, hamsters treated with this neuropeptide during the entrance and the arousal hypertensive phases also featured elevated ORX 2 receptor (ORX2R) levels in the third layer of the parietal cortex and lateral HTH (LH), areas involved with feeding, motor plus sleep-wake rhythms. Conversely, ORX-A down-regulated ORX2Rs in the ventromedial (VMH) and supraoptic (SO) HTH nuclei that are associated with anorexigenic effects. Even CST induced mixed ORX2R expression patterns in mostly HTH areas like the evident down-regulation in LH along with the up-regulation in VMH and SO. Overall treatments, especially ORX-A + CST led to reduced neurodegenerative phenomena in HTH supporting their importance together with ORX2Rs in preserving hemodynamic activities, feeding and sleep-wake rhythms of this diencephalic station, which may supply useful therapeutic indications for treating cardiovascular disturbances linked with brain dysfunctions.