Mechanisms of membrane fouling during ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration

► Flux stabilization occurs with dead-end, low pressure UF without cleaning or flushing. ► Flux stabilization is influenced by deposition and structure of the fouling layer. ► Irremovable fouling contributes 40-60% to the total resistance. ► DO-limiting conditions lead to a compact structure and high resistance. ► Biopolymers and biodegradable compounds influence the stable flux level.