Research paperUnderstanding shallow and deep flow for assessing the risk of hydrocarbon development to groundwater quality

- Assessment of the local risk of O&G exploration on groundwater quality.
- Example of the characterization required by a new provincial regulation.
- Assessment based on definition of shallow and deep fluid flow paths.
- Highest risk related to surface spills and concern with old O&G wells.
- No indication of fluid migration paths linking reservoir to aquifer.

In recent years, concerns have been raised about the potential environmental impacts of oil and gas (O&G) exploitation, especially regarding groundwater resources. However, there have been few studies carried out to assess the actual risk of O&G exploitation based on specific local conditions. This paper reports on a study aiming to assess the potential risk to groundwater quality related to the development of a tight sandstone petroleum reservoir underlying a shallow fractured rock aquifer system in the Haldimand sector of Gaspé, Québec, Canada. In this generally rural setting, the drilling of a provincially permitted horizontal O&G exploration well was halted by new municipal regulations. Draft provincial environmental regulations were subsequently issued to define environmental requirements for hydrocarbon exploration wells. Our study thus also aimed to provide an example of how to comply with the new hydrogeological characterization requirements. This paper reports on the process followed to qualitatively assess the risk of O&G operations and natural oil seeps to groundwater quality. The assessment focused on indicators of potential preferential fluid migration paths between the reservoir level and shallow aquifers. Field work and data analysis were used to define geological, hydrogeological and geochemical contexts on which a numerical model was developed to represent groundwater flow, mass transport and groundwater residence time. The risk for groundwater quality was qualitatively assessed from the implications of the study area context relative to 1) the new provincial regulatory requirements; 2) potential contaminant release mechanisms related to O&G exploration drilling operations; and 3) the expected effects that contaminant releases could have on groundwater.