Research paperCalculation of water saturation in low resistivity gas reservoirs and pay-zones of the Cretaceous Grudja Formation, onshore Mozambique basin

- Comparison of water saturation (Sw) calculation using the Archie and Simandoux equations, to a newly developed algorithm.
- The influence of clay- and silt-bound water on water saturation calculations.
- Low resistivity pay zones in the J- and K-Reservoirs, Maastrichtian Lower Grudja Formation, onshore Mozambique basin.

The water saturation of a hydrocarbon bearing formation is usually calculated via the conductivity of the formation water, as defined by Archie, 1942. However, in some formations such conventionally calculated water saturation contradicts values calculated from the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) tool and from the Drill Stem Test (DST). Here we discuss such a case of low resistivity pay zones in the J- and K-Reservoirs, of the Lower Grudja Formation of Maastrichtian age, onshore Mozambique basin, in which conventional log analysis contradicts water saturation calculated from the NMR and by the Drill Stem Test.For both, the J-Reservoir and K-Reservoir, the water saturation (Sw) was calculated using the Archie equation and the Simandoux equation, that accounts for clay bound water but not for silt, and the results were compared to NMR-calculated water saturation. A new algorithm that improves the accuracy of water saturation calculation was introduced. This new algorithm takes into account the clay- and silt-bound water within the overall reservoir resistivity. It is demonstrated that the clay- and silt-bound water must be included in water saturation calculations, where the formations are rich in silt and clay. The Simandoux equation and the new algorithm yield significant improvement in water saturation results for the J- and K-Reservoirs, when compared to water saturation calculated using the Archie's equation.