Electrochemical behaviors of Janus Green B in through-hole copper electroplating: An insight by experiment and density functional theory calculation using Safranine T as a comparison

► Using Safranine T as a comparison to study the mechanism of JGB in the through-hole electroplating. ► Quantum chemical calculation is employed to analysis electronic properties and orbital information of levelers in the present paper. ► Finding out the probable reactive site for the adsorption of JGB on the copper surface. ► Offering some theoretical information to design and synthesize new additives for electroplating.