Recovery of germanium from leach solutions of fly ash using solvent extraction with various extractants

The solvent extraction of germanium and some heavy metals by commercial tri-octyl/decyl amine (Alamine 336), N-methyl-N, N-dioctyl chloride (Aliquat 336) and phosphine oxide (Cyanex 923) has been studied. In each extraction system, germanium was only extracted from a solution containing nickel, cadmium, cobalt, and zinc, which had a composition similar to gasification coal fly ash aqueous leach solutions. Under a comparable condition, the germanium extraction efficiency by the aforementioned extractants was in the order Aliquat 336 > Alamine 336 > Cyanex 923. The slope analysis method showed that 2 moles of Alamine 336 and Aliquat 336, as well as 4 moles of Cyanex 923, participated in the extraction of germanium. In amine extraction systems, tartaric acid was required as a complexant used to convert germanium to anionic species. As a result, the ratio of 2 (mole ration of tartaric acid to Ge) was required to complete anionic complexation. On the other hand, oxalic acid with a concentration of 0.1 M was chosen as a proper solvated complexant in the Cyanex 923 system. HCl solutions with concentrations of 1 and 2 M can properly strip germanium from the loaded Alamine 336 and Aliquat 336, respectively. In addition, 0.1 M NaOH was sufficient for germanium stripping from Cyanex 923. Consequently, it can be concluded that Aliquat 336 can be an economical and industry-friendly extractant for germanium solvent extraction from a mixed solution.