Comparing the PANSS in Chinese and American inpatients: Cross-cultural psychiatric analyses of instrument translation and implementation

This article compares data from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) collected from Chinese and American inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia to show how patterned differences in item ratings may reflect cultural attitudes of the raters. The Chinese sample (N = 553) was based on consecutive admissions to four academic hospitals in Changsha, China. Only patients ill for 3 or more years were included in the analysis to match the chronically ill sample represented in the US CATIE sample. A total of 261 PANSS assessments were completed during a month when CATIE subjects had been hospitalized for 15 days or more to optimize equivalence of the US and Chinese samples. Controlling for age and gender, the total PANSS and the three sub-scores were all significantly lower in the Chinese than in the US CATIE sample by 5-8% (all p < .05). However, on 9 items, the Chinese sample scored 10-30% higher than the US sample (all p < .05) and on 5 items they scored over 20% higher (all p < .0001). These items rated increased hostility, poorer attention, lack of judgment and insight, disturbance of volition, and poorer impulse control. We ascribe these differences to cultural variations in the ways individuals relate to others in their social environment within Chinese and American societies.