Design of lotus-simulating surfaces: Thermodynamic analysis based on a new methodology

► A dynamic equation is intuitively established on contact angle (CA) and advancing contact angle (θa) or receding contact angle (θr). ► The relationships are established between contact angle (CA), contact angle hysteresis (CAH), changes in free energy (CFE), free energy barrier (FEB) and micro-/nano-structure parameters. ► Changes in surface free energy (CFE) and free energy barrier (FEB) are presented to illustrate contact angle hysteresis (CAH). ► Making strict explanations by math on contact angle hysteresis (CAH) along with relevant phenomena.