Generating power from transdermal extracts using a multi-electrode miniature enzymatic fuel cell

When electrically connected in parallel, the EFCs generated a power output close to the sum of the power generated by each unit, with peak values of 0.7 µW (flow-through mode) and 0.4 µW (batch mode), at a glucose concentration of 27 mM. When the device was fed with transdermal extracts, containing only 30 μM of glucose, the average peak power was proportionally lower (0.004 µW).