The experimental investigation of effect of microwave and ultrasonic waves on the key characteristics of heavy crude oil

This study examined the effects of microwave (MW) and ultrasonic (US) waves on an heavy crude oil sample from a reservoir in southwest Iran. The waves irradiated the sample from two to 10 min at two-minute steps. MW caused the temperature of the crude-oil sample to rise by selective heating of polar components and creation of hot zones; under US, heating was accompanied by a cavitation effect. MW at 2 and 4 min reduced the sample's viscosity by inducing hot zones. At 2 min, the viscosity declined 16% due to cracking of heavy components such as asphaltenes, which have a higher capacity to absorb MW. As the radiation time increased after 4 min, the viscosity increased because light components escaped from the sample. However, US reduced the viscosity of the heavy crude oil sample at all time durations. The greatest reduction of viscosity was around 19%, at 4 min. The viscosity increased with irradiation time and then remained constant. Ultrasonic waves altered the viscosity by creating bubbles, which disintegrated the resin intermolecular bonds and cracked the large molecular particles of the asphaltene. The reduction in sulfur content under US was much greater than under MW. At all time durations, sulfur content fell as radiation time increased. Due to its high potential to absorb MW, creates active sulfur that can be emitted from the crude oil as sulfide and hydrogen sulfide, with the sulfur level falling to 0.39%. Furthermore, US waves also reduced sulfur content to around 0.46% as the asphaltene flocks disintegrated. Reduction of sulfur content from asphaltene agglomerates under MW and US was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In addition to reducing the effect of sulfur by affecting its nitrogen and oxygen elements, irradiation also reduced the polarity of the asphaltene particles and prevented reaggregation of cracked particles. Results of SARA (saturation, aromatic, resin and asphaltene) analysis showed that asphaltene particles have a higher capacity to absorb MW than resin components, as after the amount of asphaltene components declined in the early stages of irradiation, resin components began to change, falling to 34% at 10 min. The decrease in asphaltene content in samples under US was more evident, reaching 34% at 8 min. According to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra results, MW irradiation caused cracking of large-chain molecules and drove light components from heavy crude sample. These two phenomena are a function of radiation time. The rate of cracking of heavy components was continuously greater than the rate of light components leaving the sample at early time intervals; ultimately, this resulted in an upgraded heavy oil. In some cases, despite cracking of large-chain molecules and creation of light components, the output values of light components were higher. Under US, the cracking of large-chain molecules occurred, but due to the departure of heavy components from the crude oil, peak intensities increased and the resulting crude oil had purer components.