A coupled effect of nuclear and electronic energy loss on ion irradiation damage in lithium niobate

The (fd,n & fd,e) represents the Nb-disorder at LiNbO3 surface induced by the sequential low energy Si+ and high energy Si7+ irradiations. The (fd,n+ fd,e) means the sum of the Nb-disorders induced by the low energy Si+ and high energy Si7+ irradiations, respectively. The difference of the Nb-disorder between (fd,n & fd,e) and (fd,n+ fd,e) clearly shows the damage increase during the sequential low energy Si+ and high energy Si7+ irradiations and demonstrates the coupled effect between the nuclear energy loss during the low energy ion irradiation and the electronic energy loss during the high energy ion irradiation.161