Y-doping TiO2 nanorod arrays for efficient perovskite solar cells

Y-doping TiO2 nanorod arrays were successfully prepared by hydrothermal methods using the aqueous grown solution of 38 mM titanium isopropoxide and 6 M hydrochloric acid with the Y/Ti molar ratios of 0%, 3%, 5%. The corresponding TiO2 nanorod arrays possessed the diameters, areal densities and lengths of 16 nm, 800 μm−2 and 200 nm, 11 nm, 1050 μm−2 and 200 nm, 11 nm, 920 μm−2 and 200 nm. The TiO2 nanorod array perovskite solar cells with the Y/Ti molar ratios in the hydrothermal grown solutions of 0%, 3% and 5% exhibited the best photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.42%, 18.11% and 17.09%, and the average PCE of 15.79 ± 0.92%, 17.24 ± 0.87% and 16.40 ± 0.69%.151